Role Of Judiciary Court s Guidelines - 1488 Words

Role of judiciary: - Court s guidelines INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW The fact remains that they have a persuasive value and command respect. The Rio declaration is the product of hectic discussion out of the leaders of the nation of the world and it was after negotiations between the develop and the developing countries that an almost consensus declaration had been sorted out. Environment is an international problem having no frontiers creating trans- boundary effects. In this field every nation has to cooperate and contribute and for this reason the Rio declaration would serve as a great binding force and to create discipline among the nations while dealing with environment problems. The united nation conference on the human environment, held in Stockholm in 1972, India has been an active participant in every such conference and has passed numerous environmental laws relating to environmental protection. International environmental law has deep foundations in these laws and India has not only ratified many UN conventions, but the judiciary has actively implemented them on its own accord in the many landmark judgement, as far back as the 1980. India also has a burgeoning NGO community which is deeply resourceful and committed to making India an environmentally friendly state. As India is a commonwealth nation, one can frequently look to countries like England USA and Australia for precedents. This gives legislators, lawyers and judges access to globalShow MoreRelatedDiscourse Vis A Vis The Constitution Of The United Kingdom1540 Words   |  7 Pagesand how this development highlights the need for a diverse judiciary. It begins by describing both the ‘politi cal’ and ‘legal’ constitution, and how the United Kingdom has historically been viewed as a having a political constitution. It then analyses the ways in which the political constitution has been weakened and infused with legal elements over the past three decades, and how this increased legal character necessitates a diverse judiciary. In considering the nature of the constitution, it mustRead MoreThe Relationship Between the Three Branches of Government1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe legislative role involves; making laws and general rules that govern the powers of public authorities that maintain the structure and conduct of the ordinary citizen as well as private institutions. The Queen holds primary authority in parliament, however parliament does not directly make new legislation that is passed by executive bodies which receive their power from parliament. The executive carries out the general policy determined by cabinet. The public authorities role is to implement theRead MoreUpholding The Integrity And Independence Of The Judiciary1507 Words   |  7 PagesJonathan R Brown Prof. John W. Feuchtenberger, J.D. POSC 401 27 March 2015 Upholding the Integrity and Independence of the Judiciary Judges have a duty to be fair and impartial in the pursuit of justice. Judges play many roles. They interpret the law, evaluate the evidence that is presented before them, and they control what happens in their courtroom. Judges should not be influenced by public or political pressures in their decision in a case. It took many days for the Framers to draft the ConstitutionRead MoreSocial Policy And The Access Of The Judiciary System1414 Words   |  6 Pageslink to the Judiciary system Social policy aims to improve human welfare and to meet human needs. Important areas of social policy are wellbeing and welfare, unemployment insurance, pensions, the NHS, social housing, family policy, social care, child protection, crime and criminal justice and labour issues. It was said problems of children who were deprived or abused have been connected closely with issues concerning young offenders (Spicker.uk, 2015).This statement involves various roles from professionalsRead MoreAnalysis Of Framed Sanford Levinson s The Current State Of Government And The Constitution Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesClinton and near shut down in 2011 due to a last-minute compromise Between President Obama and John Boehner. He also brings up many of Americans opinions on the government and many of the different branches of government. For example he brings up the SP analysis that â€Å"reflects the widespread view that the American political system has become profoundly dysfunctional,† as well as the statistics that show only twelve percent of American public approve of the Congress, and also noting that, taken fromRead MoreThe Definition of Marrige in Hyde V Hyde 18661731 Words   |  7 Pagessome extent true in today’s society. However the Legislature and Judiciary have over the last forty to fifty years appeared to severely weaken the position and in some instances have gone as far as saying Hyde is no longer relevant . The definition can be broken down into four area of which I discuss below .Each section has seen some change to it and questions the 1866 definition, however it should be noted that parliament and the courts have not overruled the definition but have distinguished manyRead MoreResiduary Power Art.2489736 Words   |  39 Pageslegislate on residuary matters with the parliament. Even the judiciary has also played vital role in interpreting the provision of Constitution as to residuary power. Judiciary has given wide meaning to Art.248 in various cases. Judiciary with changing needs of the society has laid down guidelines on subjects not enumerated in any lists of seventh schedule as well as on those subjects where parliament has never touched. Same has been done by judiciary in the light of judicial activism for bringing â€Å"completeRead MoreJudicial Appointments And The Judiciary2794 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION Judiciary assumes a pivotal role in a democratic country, most of the time it is called upon to determine issues affecting the rights and liberty of the whole population. How efficient the Judiciary is - ultimately depends upon the quality of the person appointed as judges. The work of the executive has become so vast, the powers delegated to it by the legislature are so wide, that judges are, perhaps more than at any previous time, the real safeguard of personal liberty. The JudgesRead MoreThe Supreme Court Of India3521 Words   |  15 PagesIndia since the 1970s have actively used the Courts-especially the Supreme Court-as a part of their struggles. This has been possible because of the higher Courts’ activism, especially under the guidance and action of Public Interest Litigation. Through the instrument of Public Interest Litigation, the Court liberated itself from traditional constraints in the legal system so as to reach out ‘to the weaker sections of Indian human ity. The Supreme Court of India has adopted a forward-looking approachRead MoreThe Law Of Contempt Of Court1464 Words   |  6 PagesContempt of court is ‘any words spoken or written, or any conduct which might impede the working of the court, or which could create a disregard of the authority of our justice system.’ (Samson, 2014). The two most common types of contempt of court are sub judice rule and the failure to obey a court order. Most of the law of contempt in New Zealand is common law, however, parts of it that deal with the conduct in court and specific offenses that relate to the administration such as perjury, are considered

Racism Racism And Racial Discrimination - 1713 Words

Racism is defined as a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human racial groups determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one s own race is superior and has the right to dominate others or that a particular racial group is inferior to the others (Olsen, 2014) While most white Americans acknowledge that racism is a problem in the United States, white people are half as likely as black people to see it as a major problem. Three out of four white Americans say that racism is at least a somewhat serious national problem, compared to nearly nine out of ten black people, as displayed in Figure 1.1. (Moore, 2015) Furthermore, a majority of white respondents say that racism is not really an issue in their own community and don t feel empowered to act upon it, despite recognizing it as a national problem. White people have the privilege of pretending that racism doesn’t exist, or is a relic of the past. Aspects of psychology come into play to promote racial biases, too. Children exhibit a type of bias known as â€Å"in-group† bias, which basically means that we tend to prefer people who are members of groups we also belong to. Researchers have elicited strong in-group biases in children as young as 3 by assigning them to color-coded groups in their preschools; after a few weeks, the children said they preferred the other kids in their group more than kids outside their group and even preferentially chose toys that theyShow MoreRelatedRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 PagesRacism consists of ideologies and practices that seek to justify, or cause, the unequal distribution of privileges, rights or goods among different racial groups. Modern variants are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These can take the form of social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems that consider different races to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualitiesRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Racism1760 Words   |  8 PagesHistorian Robin DG Kelley once said, â€Å"[Racism] is not how you look, it is how people assign meaning to how you look†. In historian Kelleys interview, he directly touches upon discrimination as a concern society neglects to negotiate. Many individuals of color are perceived differently due to their pigment. Racism has been a growing concern in the United States for decades now, however, no significant progress is made by political officials in addressing it, making it a hotly debated, contagiousRead MoreRacial Discrimination : Racism And Discrimination1244 Words   |  5 PagesRacial discrimination has been an ugly face lingering around for generations. It baffles me how it still exists today. It’s interesting to me because how do you know who to discriminate against. What t ype of individual will promote such distasteful thoughts? Why is racial discrimination still relevant? I guess the real question will be is how to overcome racial discrimination. The beginning of racial discrimination stems from when the European settlers landed in America and conquered the NativeRead MoreRacial Racism And Racial Discrimination2091 Words   |  9 Pages Abstract This paper will discuss the racial microaggression how it has influenced the United States in the past decade. Then, describe the racial microaggression influence that affects the individual view. Next describe the community-level influence, impact of racial microaggression, and racial stereotypes are a major problem in our society. Then, discuss the research on racial microaggression is it a social condition that can arise as a result of the conformityRead MoreRacism : Racial Discrimination And Injustice1257 Words   |  6 Pagescreated what people now know of as racism. For centuries, racism has been a part of society, shaping the way humans view each other, but with the aid of Young Women s Christian Association (YWCA) - Stand Against Racism, racial discrimination and injustice can be eliminated. All across the United States, African Americans are faced with racial prejudice, a negative attitude towards a group of people based on race — not on direct knowledge or experience. This kind of racial prejudice began in the 17thRead MoreRacism : Racial Discrimination And Prejudice1556 Words   |  7 Pages Racism has become about only blacks and whites like those are the only races. I am also a Hispanic female, and I disagree that African-Americans and Americans should be the only ones in the media every time something happens. The quotes from the film were blasted all over the Internet. What about things happening with other races? We never think about major things like this. People act like racism only happens within these two races. We have other minorities and races, so should it be okay for everyoneRead MoreRacism : Racial Discrimination And Cultural Genocide1042 Words   |  5 PagesFirst Nations people have suffered immensely through various bouts of gender discrimination and cultural genocide. If you take a look at the racism that these people face today it’s clear to see that the one underlying factor connecting all these events is racism. Whether it be through the Indian Act or the creation of residential schools, racism has been the driving force behind these horribl e events, and much of that racism has survived to get to this day and age. Both in the past and today peopleRead MoreRacism : Racism Or Racial Profiling923 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically, racism has existed through out human history from 500- 1000 years. Racism is considered to be directed on the part of the Westerners towards the non westerners, such as the Asians, Africans and others. Racism however, is defined as hatred imposed from one person to another. Racism can also be that one particularly race is more superior than the other, or less human, due to the state of origin, colour of skin, language, ethnicity, gender, religious, and different biological characteristicsRead MoreEssay on Defining Racial Discrimination?775 Words   |  4 PagesFor discrimination to occur both power and prejudice need to come together, forming barriers that oppress a person or group of people deemed inferior. Discrimination can be intentional or unintentional. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines racism, as the belief that race is the primary determinant of human tr aits and capacities, and produces an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racial discrimination refers to discriminatory actions based on race or skin color. Racial discrimination canRead MoreBlack And White Racism : Racism1189 Words   |  5 PagesWhite Racism Introduction For a long time, racism has occurred as a controversial and hotly debated topic in the American society. Racism has infiltrated the way individuals behave, think, and act in different capacities. It is a grievous insult in referring somebody to as a ‘racist’. Black Americans have accused whites, the nation’s ethnic majority for racism, whereas whites have also accused blacks of racism. Widespread uncertainty, disagreement, and confusion concerning the subject of racism have

Is Artificial Intelligence Better Than Human Intelligence Free Essays

Good morning everyone I’am the second speaker of the negative side. The topic for our debate is that † Is Artificial Intelligence Better Than Human Intelligence†. We, the negative team, believe that the statement is false. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Artificial Intelligence Better Than Human Intelligence or any similar topic only for you Order Now We all know that human intelligence is a gift of nature. We cannot create a exact function of human brain. Human beings are highly sensitive and emotional intellectuals. Humans can see, hear, think, and feel. The thoughts of humans are guided by the feelings. In short the abilities of the human brain cannot be replicated. Artificial intelligence or also known as AI created by humans is a creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. According to Stephen Hawking â€Å"the development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race†. So it means that artificial intelligence or AI is a destruction or it is a threat to humans in general. These artificial intelligence or AI has many disadvantages. First artificial intelligence are high cost. Artificial intelligence needs a big amount of money since they are a complex machines. AI needs maintenance, repair and the software programs needs to be updated. It needs a huge time and money. Second artificial intelligence has no improvement for intelligence. Artificial intelligence cannot adopt our changing environments. They are only programmed to do a specific task. Third artificial intelligence has no original creativity. Artificial intelligence have already programmed in their memory of different designs created by humans. They cannot advise or come up with a new idea because they don’t have the exact functions of brain that humans have. Fourth artificial intelligence cannot replicate humans. Artificial intelligence do not have moral values and emotions. AI cannot make decisions when they encounter situations unfamiliar to them since they are already programmed. And they lack of human touch and they are not passionate in working like humans do. In conclusion, this artificial intelligence can harm us humans. And we believe that human intelligence is better than artificial intelligence because we created them and humans control the AI machines. Without the human intelligence or human knowledge their is no artificial intelligence. How to cite Is Artificial Intelligence Better Than Human Intelligence, Papers

Complexity in Neurological Rehabilitation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Complexity in Neurological Rehabilitation. Answer: Introduction: Lyons stated that there are various factors, which act as the barrier to the student in the Aboriginal areas, and it requires improvement in order to gain a good image. The barriers are often due to the lack of the teaching materials that might have an inappropriate context. There is specifically no greater educational recruitment system that needs to have a strategy that is based on what is taught by the teachers. There are different environmental barriers that the indigenous youths came across. This includes the support and their relationships along with the services, their attitudes, systems and the policies (Forth, Bergstrm Clark, 2015). When these environmental factors will be overcome then the youth could easily move into enlightenment. There are major shortcomings that need to be elaborated that includes the formal school teachings that reflects on the realities of the traditional educational system. The national curricular ignores the indigenous people that might have a language, textbooks and other materials that may be of educational use that reflects on the traditional, norms of the mainstream society (Forth, Bergstrm Clark, 2015). Often the society tends to ignore their traditional skills and knowledge that can be devaluated and have a skill. (Forth, Bergstrm Clark, 2015) depicts that the schools and the daily schedules do not include the considerations of the livelihood of the indigenous people for example the nomadism and the pastoralism. The parents of the youth are suffering from poverty so they cannot afford good health services and hence they are somewhat poor in their health than their other peers. Often the loss of hearing is one of the major factors that have a relevant effect on their learning. The lack of infrastructure will reflect that the community people are not aware of the different accommodations that need to be maintained by the teachers and their classrooms. There is a poor quality of educational system mostly in the areas of the teaching that needs to be further developed in the professional fields of the Aboriginal area system of the education. Professional development is required as more than a half percentage of the students are aboriginals and has no professional development in their school system in their last three years. Only a percentage of the 23.9% has a training of more than one day (Raman et al., 2017). The teenagers are at the primary stage in their attendance of the schools as they were taught this very badly. There is an immense lack of the disengaged teachers who are considered relatable to the community users, as they has to be strong in building the rapport. There is often lack of the full time users as well who are skillful in the subjects of mathematics and English. The remote regions need to suffer from the different shortage of the teachers that will eventually become worse when the old teachers retire. Carter Lubinsky, furthermore portrays that the wider participation of the indigenous people will help in the management and the governance of the success rate. There is a need for enhancing Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders into one under represented group. The different focuses needs to be made on the enrolment of the different secondary and the tertiary education system. There is a need to compare that indigenous with the non indigenous population. The statistical data of the indigenous students will help in the performance of their higher education that will resolve their issue and make it accessible without creating an effective support that cannot be termed as an opportunity (Cullen Gilbert, 2013). The ICEA was established in 2007 and with the purpose to improve the different educational opportunities that has their outcomes in their remote communities (Cullen Gilbert, 2013). There is a need to mention the remote communities and their connections. ICEA has been eventually granted by the permission of the Bardi Jawi of the PBC (Prescribed Body Corporate) that has its eldership to continue in the initiatives of the schools and the cultural work. The Yarn and the remote communities of the ICEA foundation will help the indigenous youth to facilitate through the different primary initiatives (Cullen Gilbert, 2013). The ICEA remote communities are based on the different programs that help them to focus on the young people empowerment through their development and the education programs (Dobkin, 2016). The ICEA remote community is considered to work in four main ways in order to make them empower through the education, the youth leadership development and the different capacity of building the genuine relationships. They have been provided with different tangible benefits that need to have specific leaders so that the students may achieve the target attendance throughout their term. Often the awards recognize their efforts that have different items of the books and the sporting equipment of the stationery and the toys. The ICEA assists of the different young indigenous rangers from the various parts of the Kimberley area to the development of their own leadership skills that has the ICEA as their volunteer of the training and their Yarn activities that is relevant in Perth (Frontera,Silver Rizzo, 2014). The Yarn activity is regarded as the vital step that needs to be moved forward in the reconciliation. This approach can ensure that all the Australians should have a shared vision of their history that needs to be made on the people of their first choice in case of the different surviving culture. The yarn is a program of the youth that has facilitated on the understanding of the different shared cultural identity and its reconciliation (Hall et al. 2016). The exact word to emphasis is that it is a safe space that has various courageous conversations about the different racism, reconciliation and their race. The Yarn can easily be eliminated through the challenges and their ignorance of some of the different inherited attitudes that also has the biasness to prevent the reconciliation from moving forward. The yarn is the one who makes communities and different schools that are more inclusive of the ways that needs to be built up for the the different Aboriginals cultures (Herdman Clen daniel,2014). The people need to foster on the different young leaders who are considered to be culturally responsive. There is an immense need to close the gap in Australia. These are considered the major bariors to the reconciliation in Australia. The Yarns are considered itself more productive and interactive in the different self reflective activities that have their designs discussed as well. The discussion allows the participants to think in a rational way and allow the different participants to think in a critical and open way in the history of Australia (Janssen et al., 2014). In a number of weeks, the participants are somewhat engaging to the different challenges that they will face eventually. The participants can easily engage themselves in the controversial and the challenging perspectives of the conversations. That requires having a nation of their own and forming different views of the issues that will be eventually faced on the part of the reconciliation. There are different barriers that need to be participated in the part of the education that has an indigenous youth that needs to be understood in the part of the occupational alienation and deprivation. The barriers include the environmental mainly that are faced by the youth in their completion of the tertiary and secondary education. To be more specific those include the support and the relationships, attitudes, services, policies and the systems (Kaambwa et al., 2017). Support is such a verb that is not received by the indigenous youth and they crave for it. There is a need to crave for the support as they go through many discrimination factors. The school attendance and the literacy rates need to be hiked so that the youth get to learn and improve their knowledge sets. The education system is between the mainstream population and the indigenous people that have remained in a critical state and eventually enrolls on the retention that has a great performance. Some even have not completed the primary school level (O'Sullivan, Schmitz Fulk, 2013). The indigenous people needs to have an acute marginalization in the education system that needs to be closely connected to the different interlining factors such as the poverty, language, ethnicity and the different gender based discrimination. There various strategies or policies of the indigenous people that brings about the different International Labor organization (ILO) and their responses to the UN bodies about the policies that show their minimal standard of living. There are various permanent forums that need to be made on the FAO policy of the tribal people that has the IFAD engagement in the indigenous people (O'Sullivan, Schmitz Fulk, 2013). The ICF emphasizes on the vision and the mission of the different clients that work for each other and make the clients and their communities grow stronger. The ICF model has been examined and it has been supported that will eventually examine the young children to go through different points of view. The contribution to the different stakeholders like the directors, teachers, the social workers, the therapists will eventually make them to determine the responsibilities and the educational measures. The core vision and the mission of the work are to make the communities of the different countries and make them their passion for a better-improved positive impact. The philosophy and the core values of the ICF is to make their life simple and hire some of the best people that needs to have a standard of integrity as well as ethics and quality. Their mission in helping the indigenous people is to maximize their mission so that they can maximize their beneficial impact for the governments, their people and the relevant areas that matters. The vision is to ensure that the different people along with their clients and shareholders that needs to be defined and achieved in order to become successful in their world. In order to achieve success there is a need for rapid changes in the world without the boundaries. Their core values somewhat is equivalent to that of the Australian ones that needs to maintain their standards in ethics, integrity and quality. A critical analysis has been made on the ICEA program and an analysis has been made on the certain Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. This analysis has been made primarily based on the Community based rehabilitation and the different community development programs. The analysis is as follows: ICEA Foundation has a great reputation in the market place as it has an organization's programs to promote the learning and social development of work with individuals and groups in their communities using a range of formal and informal methods (Singh et al., 2014). A common defining feature is that programs and activities are developed in collaboration with communities and participants. ICEA Foundations are an expertise at partner level in HRM consultancy. The foundation has a shortage of consultants at an operating level rather than the partner level. It is unable to deal with multidisciplinary assignments because of the size or lack of ability (Troigros et al., 2014). The opportunities here are a well established position with a well-defined market opportunity. It has an identified market for consultancy in areas other than the HRM. The foundation has large consultancies operating at a minor level which should not be happening as a minor is not eligible to do all these work. There are other small consultancies looking to invade the marketplace (Walther et al., 2017). Huge competition between different organizations and sectors prevails in the market to gain a position. National trend towards de-funding remedial education needs to be set in. They do that through a set of values that guides everything: They see through the eyes of the customer to find the solutions for the challenges of life. The People are important to them as happy employees make happy customer. They deliver what they promise to the customers (Winstein et al., 2016). They champion integrity as it guides and informs everything they do. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Reputation in marketplace Shortage of consultants at operating level rather than partner level Well established position with a well-defined market opportunity Large consultancies operating at a minor level Expertise at partner level in HRM consultancy Unable to deal with multidisciplinary assignments because of size or lack of ability Identified market for consultancy in areas other than HRM Other small consultancies looking to invade the marketplace Table 1: SWOT Analysis of ICEA program (Source: Created by Author) In order to establish the different principles there is a need for contractions and consistency that is not much easy to be done. The five different ideas include social justice, integration, solidarity, dignity and equality. There is a need for equal entitlement to the people and share the same rights and their responsibilities. People have different ability and there is a need to develop those in an equal and proper way. One of the major aims concerning the disabled people is to make stress on the different competence and the ability of the people, so that they can improve it. There is a need to overcome on the different arbitrary concepts and their prejudices that is based on their reinforce ion. There is a need to imply the different opportunities and the services that is required for the improvement of the small groups in the indigenous groups. Ultimately, the goal is to make proper schooling, training and provide an individualized care to those who are suffering especially the youth in this case. There is a need to show solidarity only to those who are completely dependent and requires help and the indigenous youth are one of them. The main aim of the solidarity is to put in required efforts and purpose that will eventually help in making it a privilege for some charity work. One of our main principles in the society is to make one survive in all of the circumstances. The main stream of all the members of the community is to join the community life. A co relation must be provided between the different policy that is based on the attitudes, the segregated services that has different favors that needs to be provided to the non disabled. The integration of the different disabilities has been seen from all the basic aspects of their life. A long term perspective is required in order to achieve the friendship with others and then this will become attainable to the human dignity. The final principle is the dignity that is for the indigenous people. The dignity becomes positive when it is recognized by all the humans and has equal rights and worth. There is a need to share the self actualization and the different opportunities. At ICEA Lion, the overarching vision is to be the leading Australian provider of Insurance and Financial Services, and our mission to protect and create your wealth. According to Reconciliation Australia, the majority of young Australians (81%) have a strong desire to advance reconciliation, but less than half know how to go about it (Bainbridge et al. 2014). The philosophy is that everyone undergoes his or her own reconciliation-learning journey.Our actions are driven by the belief that we can support this journey through: Facilitating positive experiences Building strong, genuine relationships Fostering greater cross-cultural understanding Marketers employ a variety of techniques to conduct market research, but some of the more common include: Qualitative marketing research such as focus groups Quantitative marketing research such as statistical surveys Experimental techniques such as test markets Observational techniques such as ethnographic (on-site) observation Marketing managers may also design and oversee various environmental scanning and competitive intelligence processes that will help to identify the trends and make them inform the company's marketing analysis. References Carter, R., Lubinsky, J. (2015).Rehabilitation Research-E-Book: Principles and Applications. Elsevier Health Sciences. Cuccurullo, S. J. (2014).Physical medicine and rehabilitation board review. Demos Medical Publishing. Cullen, F. T., Gilbert, K. E. (2013).Reaffirming rehabilitation. Routledge. Forth, A. E., Bergstrm, H., Clark, H. J. (2015). Psychopathic Traits in Adolescence.The Clinical and Forensic Assessment of Psychopathy: A Practitioner's Guide, 115. Frontera, W. R., Silver, J. K., Rizzo, T. D. (2014).Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hall, A. M., Ferreira, P. H., Maher, C. G., Latimer, J., Ferreira, M. L. (2016). The influence of the therapist-patient relationship on treatment outcome in physical rehabilitation: a systematic review.Physical therapy,90(8), 1099-1110. Herdman, S. J., Clendaniel, R. (2014).Vestibular rehabilitation. FA Davis. Janssen, H., Ada, L., Bernhardt, J., McElduff, P., Pollack, M., Nilsson, M., Spratt, N. (2014). Physical, cognitive and social activity levels of stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation within a mixed rehabilitation unit.Clinical rehabilitation,28(1), 91-101. Kaambwa, B., Ratcliffe, J., Killington, M., Liu, E., Cameron, I., Kurrle, S., ... Crotty, M. (2017). IS HIP FRACTURE REHABILITATION FOR NURSING HOME RESIDENTS COST-EFFECTIVE? RESULTS FROM AN RCT: EFFECTS OF A HOME-BASED REHABILITATION PROGRAM ON HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE.Innovation in Aging,1(suppl_1), 946-946. Kairy, D., Poissant, L., Rushton, P., Messier, F., Vincent, C., Zidarov, D., ... Lavoie, V. (2017, June). Telerehabilitation implementation and routine clinical use: Preliminary findings from a case study across three rehabilitation centers. InVirtual Rehabilitation (ICVR), 2017 International Conference on(pp. 1-2). IEEE. Lyons, K. J., Ezekowitz, J. A., Liu, W., McAlister, F. A., Kaul, P. (2014). Mortality outcomes among status Aboriginals and whites with heart failure.Canadian Journal of Cardiology,30(6), 619-626. O'Sullivan, S. B., Schmitz, T. J., Fulk, G. (2013).Physical rehabilitation. FA Davis. Raman, S., Ruston, S., Irwin, S., Tran, P., Hotton, P., Thorne, S. (2017). Taking culture seriously: Can we improve the developmental health and well?being of Australian Aboriginal children in out?of?home care?.Child: Care, Health and Development. Troigros, O., Bjot, Y., Rodriguez, P. M., Shoaib, F., Ellis, H., Wade, D. (2014). Measuring complexity in neurological rehabilitation: the Oxford Case Complexity Assessment Measure (OCCAM).Clinical rehabilitation,28(5), 499-507. Walther, A. L., Schreiber, D., Falk, J., Deck, R. (2017). Subjective Level of Information and Information Needs of Patients with an Approved Rehabilitation Application and Patients at the End of Rehabilitation Results of a Written Survey.Die Rehabilitation. Bainbridge, R., Tsey, K., McCalman, J., Towle, S. (2014). The quantity, quality and characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian mentoring literature: a systematic review.BMC Public Health,14(1), 1263.

Genetic Engineering Essays (1125 words) - Biology, Genetics

Genetic Engineering In today's world, people are learning a great deal in the rapidly growing and developing fields of science and technology. Almost Each day, an individual can see or hear about new discoveries and advances in these fields of study. One very common topic that has been in the news and social talk of all people recently is what us human beings will be able to do through the development of science and technology in the future. The most heated and controversial of these topics that I notice is in the field of genetic testing and engineering in humans. Many people have wondered about whether the manipulation of human cells is somehow contrary to the laws of nature or religion especially in childbirth. "Genetic testing and gene therapy are at the forefront of medicine's future, according to experts in the field" (D'Allegro). There are many reasons why scientists want to learn more on the genetic make-up of humans. Currently, about one-third of the human genetic code has been sequenced through a federally funded effort known as the Human Genome Project, a study run by the National Institute of Health's Genome Research Institute, to code the entire human genetic map. Scientists are estimating that by 2003, the entire genetic code will be found and then they will be able to test for a wide variety of common disorders. Some of the main disorders the geneticists hope to cure are Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, muscular dystrophy, and diabetes, and by doing the research, they also hope to stumble onto vaccines and other cures for diseases. Quellet-2 One main type of genetic research in humans is the ability to clone. Scientists first have used this technique to clone body parts for people. This allows the scientists to take the patient's own genetic make-up and grow a part that he or she may need that will not be rejected by his or her own body. The next step the scientists have taken is in the area of eugenics, which means, "good breeding." This technique is defined as, "the science of improving the physical and mental qualities of human beings through genetics and cloning." Scottish geneticists first demonstrated this practice in 1997 with a sheep named Dolly that was produced from a cell of an adult female sheep. From this being the foundation of the research, scientists are hoping that in the future they will be able to better the human race genetically. Even though there could be many advantages in the field of human genetics, there are many ethical comments and questions raised by all types of people. The main point most scientists try to make is that by performing eugenics, the human race would be unbalanced (D'Allegro). They say that the genetic advances might be reserved only for the wealthy, which then would separate the classes of people even more than they already are today (D'Allegro). A second main point people raise on this issue is that by manipulating human genes, scientists are playing the role of god. Many people say that human life cannot be "intellectual property" (Fischer). Problems come when some scientists insist that the research be conducted using materials cut from living human embryos (Fischer). When asked why they perform this procedure, many say, "Because it's there" (Fischer). This Quellet-3 stirs up much controversy with people that think "creating" humans should be left as god's job. After researching the main points and facts from both sides of the issue, I strongly feel that human genetics is wrong. I agree with Mark Nicholls of the Movement Against the Cloning of Humans, which he stated that, "This is a very dangerous science and soon we may not even have control over our own DNA." I also think that individuals are special because god made every person different, and that by creating a race of people who are all equally talented defeats the purpose of god. While finding information on human genetics, I found a lot of facts that were never told to the public. One of these intriguing facts had to do with the cloned sheep named Dolly. It stated that members of the scientific team closely examined Dolly's chromosomes and found that even though she was only three years old, her genetic make-up appeared to be much older (Ramsay). This raised concerns that animals cloned would age faster and be more susceptible to disease than animals from normal birth (Ramsay). Another interesting and alarming fact on genetics was that scientists are only inches away from actually creating a whole human being. The

Free Essays on Security

Mike’s backpackers web site for is committed to maintaining a sociable online community where all the customer despite the gender, race, age and technical background feel at they are in a hassle-free and comfortable environment. To maintain this comfortable environment we have implemented polices and procedures that our users must agree and abide by. To continue apart of the friendly community members must be considerate to others. Repeated violations of these polices will result in the member being banned from reentering the community forum. These forums persuade an extensive variety of opinions. We want to maintain that the posts focused on the topic of the forum in which you are submitting your message. These topics range from equipment, trip locations, safety and travel advice. Each forum has a different topic, so what is appropriate in one forum or thread may not be appropriate in another. All inquiries are to be answered in the forums and not answered by email. We want everyone to be able to benefit from the replies and its content. If you do not hold the copyright trademark it is illegal to post any content that dose not have trademark or is copyrighted. You will need the authorization of the author or owner of the copyrighted material to be able to content that is protected by copyrights. You will not be able to include full text of news from another source or articles. We recommend that if you wish to post information about a previously written document that you copy and paste the link into the forum. You may paraphrase the document as long as you give the source so that the members can read for them selves. If you violate this policy you will be banned from this community forum. We do not want to post false information. We want to uphold our reputation and become a reliable source of information. Promotion, advertising, or solicitation for XXX adult or sexually explicit work IS NOT permitted. Images posted that con... Free Essays on Security Free Essays on Security Mike’s backpackers web site for is committed to maintaining a sociable online community where all the customer despite the gender, race, age and technical background feel at they are in a hassle-free and comfortable environment. To maintain this comfortable environment we have implemented polices and procedures that our users must agree and abide by. To continue apart of the friendly community members must be considerate to others. Repeated violations of these polices will result in the member being banned from reentering the community forum. These forums persuade an extensive variety of opinions. We want to maintain that the posts focused on the topic of the forum in which you are submitting your message. These topics range from equipment, trip locations, safety and travel advice. Each forum has a different topic, so what is appropriate in one forum or thread may not be appropriate in another. All inquiries are to be answered in the forums and not answered by email. We want everyone to be able to benefit from the replies and its content. If you do not hold the copyright trademark it is illegal to post any content that dose not have trademark or is copyrighted. You will need the authorization of the author or owner of the copyrighted material to be able to content that is protected by copyrights. You will not be able to include full text of news from another source or articles. We recommend that if you wish to post information about a previously written document that you copy and paste the link into the forum. You may paraphrase the document as long as you give the source so that the members can read for them selves. If you violate this policy you will be banned from this community forum. We do not want to post false information. We want to uphold our reputation and become a reliable source of information. Promotion, advertising, or solicitation for XXX adult or sexually explicit work IS NOT permitted. Images posted that con... Free Essays on Security Securing Your Network Securing Your Network Can a network be secure in today’s changing world? Why do we need network security? Does the network security process ever stop? These are the big three questions asked by corporate executives all the time. Companies want to feel safe and secure that their files are safe. With all the computer attacks in the news these days, it makes companies wonder if they will be the next targets. Network intrusion can spell disaster for many companies. There are many things we can do to protect our networks. A good security plan outlining basic security measures is needed for quick response and disaster recovery. Auditing, tracking and monitoring a network can show leaks and intrusions. Firewalls and other software and hardware appliances can help deter network intruders. Making use of the different types of encryption can reduce your exposure to invaders. There are many ways that hackers can get into a network. Network security is vital to protect financial data, inventory, customer information, research, and last but not least network privacy. Network security never stops; it is an ongoing task to protect our data from prying eyes. Keeping a network secure is a time-consuming process that requires a lot of attention to detail. Similar to troubleshooting faulty equipment, tracking down security breaches in the network and finding their cause requires tools made for the job and someone trained to use them. To have security practices that make sense you must first define a security policy that spells out exactly what can and cannot be done on the network. Intruders who might penetrate the network and compromise data and programs do so in many ways. One of those is to exploit naive users who are on the network. A good security policy that is enforced can provide better insurance against the naà ¯ve user giving access to someone outside that may do harm to the network. Other tas...

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Reflection - Essay Example Filing of the case as homicide is arguably inapt. I have specifically used the term ‘arguably’ because, the prima facie of the case is evident towards the assumption of homicide. The entire scenario would have turned upside down had Popeye died in the fight. A supportive argument can this way be placed. Bluto did not die in the fighting with his rival, Popeye. In fact, Popeye was about to swoon and staggered in the fight. The physical might of Bluto was really overpowering Popeye making him virtually inert to fight further. At this juncture, it is quite unimaginable to think of the death of the aggressor in the place of victim. Thus the cause of death of Bluto had to be reinvestigated who was effectually vigorous during the entire scene of fight and up to the time of his death. Assault was the crime committed by Olive on Bluto. Assault generally is a crime of violence involving the intent to cause physical injury that result in physical injury. In New York, assault without any weapon is a misdemeanor and that with the use of a weapon is felony. As such Olive’s act of criminality can be restricted to felony. Here the article 35.15 of New York may be read. The article clearly goes this way: â€Å"A person may, subject to the provisions of subdivision two, use physical force upon another person when and to the extent he reasonably believes such to be necessary to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by such other person, unless: (a) the latter’s conduct was provoked by the actor himself with intent to cause physical injury to another person.†. Here, although the provoking of Olive to the Bluto’s aggressive conduct is seemingly apparent, the term à ¢â‚¬Ëœwith intent’ attracts the explanation of motive, which may not be legally required obligatory to defend the accused. Evidently, the motive of Olive was only to stop the

Intern as Revenue Manager Assistant from March 2009 to August 2009 At Coursework

Intern as Revenue Manager Assistant from March 2009 to August 2009 At The Grand City Hotel, Berlin - Coursework Example The internship provided me with an insight into my own weaknesses and deficiencies which I was unable to realize without being a part of a hotel practically. I particularly found how important it is for me to have an extraordinary control and expertise in the use of software particularly the spreadsheets. I also learned group skills. I found the considerable difference between academic learning and professional learning. My experience of internship has acquainted me with a lot of knowledge and skills that I could not learn in the college. Over six months, I have grown as a professional and have learned how to apply theoretical learning in practical situations. The internship helped me become well equipped with such a valuable experience that would be very helpful in my professional career after my graduation. My tenure at the Grand City Hotel has been a very enlightening experience. Table of Contents Contents Page No. Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 - 6 a) About the Grand City Hot el b) Location of the Grand City Hotel c) Attractions for the guests d) Environment of the Grand City Hotel e) Services at the Grand City Hotel f) Objectives for the internship Description and Analysis 7 - 10 a) Methodology b) Results c) Recommendations to the company Learning experience 10 - 12 a) Personal development b) Challenges and Solutions c) Academic Learning vs Professional Learning Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction a) About the Grand City Hotel The Grand City Hotel chain comprises more than 100 hotels all across Europe. The hotels guarantee a memorable experience at the best price. The location, attractions, environment, and services provided by the Grand City Hotel far outweigh the prices charged from the guests. b) Location of the Grand City Hotel The Grand City Hotel in Berlin is an exquisite resort for the travelers from all over the world who want to discover the German Main content and have some quality time on weekends or holidays. One of the main attractions of the Grand City Hotel in Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf is its location and surroundings. The Grand City Hotel is centrally located in Berlin and is at a short distance to many of the famous attractions that German has to offer, including the Messe Berlin, the renowned Kurfurstendamm, and the ICC (Grand City Hotels, n.d.). c) Attractions for the guests The Grand City Hotel Berlin provides the guests with easy access to the Berlin Zoo, galleries and shops, the German Opera Berlin, the KaDeWe department store, and the Kurfurstendamm. There is a variety of restaurants, clubs, and cafes near the Grand City Hotel in Berlin to satiate the cravings of the Night owls. The countless cultural attractions of Berlin make the Grand City Hotel a perfect resort for a longer stay. Among all cities of Germany, Berlin has probably the most to offer the tourists and visitors ranging from the Reichstag and the Brandenburger Tor to the variety of attractions in the local neighborhoods. Some of the most famous landmarks of Germany are located in the heart of Berlin and the guests can have them on walking distance from the Grand City Hotel.  Ã‚  

The most important elements of proper Communication in a job interview Essay

The most important elements of proper Communication in a job interview - Essay Example Similarly if you look away while listening it would show lack of interest and a rude and unethical behavior. Facial Expressions: Your facial expressions should be positive enough to encourage the employer for further communication. In case of nervousness do not try to be perceived as arrogant. A smiley face is appreciated everywhere. The employer should be aware of your gladness you have to meet him. You should not reveal a lethargic expression no matter how much exhausted and tiring you are. Posture: A good posture is a key symbol of a fine personality. One should stand straight, walk tall and sit tall. Shoulders should not be bended forward and there should be no slouching. Be sensitive to the body language of the other person. Any inconsistency between verbal and non-verbal behavior is significant and the non-verbal cues generally send the more accurate message as "action speaks louder than words". Gestures: Gestures should go along with your personality, and must be real. Do not use artificial gestures to highlight the importance of the issue. One should not use a speech with too many "uh's", "ur's"or "hms". Space: One should recognize the boundaries between personal space and that of others. If you are typical of most Americans, it ranges between 30 and 36 inches. Be prepared, however, not to back up or move away from someone who has a personal space that is smaller than your own. Hang in there, take a deep breath, and stand your ground. For most of us, merely the awareness of our personal space is enough to consciously prompt us to stand firm when speaking with someone. If you have a smaller than average personal space, make sure you keep your distance so that you do not intimidate someone who possesses a larger personal space. (The most important interview nonverbals, College Grad.com, themostimportantinterviewnonverbals.htm) Confidence- The key to success Be yourself. Confident people inspire confidence in others; one has to appear confident in order to make others realize that he is suitable enough to do the job. Interviewees are usually nervous and therefore they become self absorbed and self-conscious, which takes their attention off the job at hand and onto themselves. Be careful to avoid showing signs of nervousness such as scratching, drumming fingers, playing with a pen etc. Everyone possesses some weak points, which make the person loose his confidence at an interview. It is the aim of the prospective employer to play oral communication tricks to you and make you reveal all those weak points which are sufficient to make a person feel unconfident and insecure enough to perform the job, so no matter how weak you are, never impose yourself loose confidence in a job interview. (Impact Factory, Job Interview Techniques, http://www.impactfactory.com) Communication Skills Effective communication skills are needed in most jobs on an everyday basis, your tone should be refined and one should not talk too fast, slowly, loudly or softly. Verbal patterns should be followed like an impressive speech pattern, ability to act naturally, very focused and articulated thinking. It seems very unethical to interrupt the employer. Be attentive and

The War Of The Roses History Essay

The War Of The Roses History Essay The War of the Roses affected Englands throne for many years, thereby changing the outlook of the country. The War of the Roses was a civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. This civil war impacted the whole country of England from its economy to the rule of that the English government had over England. The War of the Roses had such a big impact on England and lasted for thirty-three years from 1455 until the last battle in 1487. Because of the length of the war and all the different groups of English nobility being involved in the war, the War of the Roses became one of the most devastating wars to ever happen in the history of England. The War of the Roses was a war of several different battles between the House of York and the House of Lancaster which were the two major house of nobility of in England at the time. These two houses spent the whole thirty-three years of the War of the Roses fighting over the throne of England and who the throne should belong too, because the House of York did not like the way the Lancastrian house was ruling England. The House of Lancaster was started in 1267 and is referred to when talking about the English kings or nobility that were descended from John of Gaunt (Luminarium.com page 1). The Lancastrians were one of the wealthiest groups of nobility in England at the time until the begun the War of the Roses which severely weaken the whole House of Lancaster. Throughout the whole thirty-three years in the War of the Roses the House of Lancaster was only ruled by three different kings. Entering into the fifteenth century the Lancastrians were led by Henry IV who at the time was the King of England and he ruled for the first two years of the war. The rest of the War of the Roses the time was split between Henry V, and Henry VI. The majority of the war Henry VI or Henry VII was on the throne. Henry VI was a very weak ruler who did not do his Lancastrian people well because he suffered from a type of mental illness (Alison Weir page 122). This mental illness of Henry VI severely crippled the throne of England and he lost his power for some time since he was put in jail during that time period. He soon reclaimed his throne when he overcame his illness, but shortly after he became sick again and was taken over once more where he would end up dying in captivity. Henry VI after his death had no heir to the Lancastrian rule because his son had just lost his life seventeen days earlier in the Battle of Tewkesbury which ended the line of John of Gaunt which was the end of the House of Lancaster. The second party that was involved in the War of the Roses was the House of York. The House of York originates all the way back to the beginning of the War of the Roses. The Yorkist Party was only started in order to overthrow the House of Lancaster. Although the House of York was made just to oppose what the Lancastrians were doing it was very strict on who was allowed to be part of the Yorkist Party. Richard, the Duke of York, made thee Yorkist men to start his overthrow of the House of Lancaster in order to be on the throne of England and run the country the way he seemed fit. Richard, Duke of York, was part of the royal line in England who started the House of York because he opposed what Henry VI was doing on the throne (P.A. Johnson page 47). Richard, Duke of York, ruled under Henry VI while he was going through his mental issues but was not allowed to work higher in the government because Henry VI put other people in positions over him. Because Richard, Duke of York, for sever al years wanted to change the way of the government Henry VI had because he thought it was weak. With all of this new found courage Richard had this is when he decided to fight the bad advisors that he had made into personal enemies and forcibly took the throne of England (New Standard Encyclopedia page 111). Soon after Richard got all the Lords to agree on kicking Henry VI off of Englands throne in order for him to take control of England in order to turn England back into the country that it was before Henry VI took over. Even though Richard was denied positions before he became the Protector of England in the absence of Henry VI when he was captured. This brought the House of York into control of England while Richard was on the throne allowing them to make a big push for the total control of England and its entire government. The War of the Roses had some conflict between two houses that ended up being major parts of the English nobility system. The House of Lancaster and the House of York were the two houses that were the main reason behind the War of the Roses. The houses first began to have to conflict between each other when Richard, Duke of York, strongly disliked the way that Henry VI ,leader of the House of Lancaster at the time, was ruling England. With the House of York agreeing with Richard and the House of Lancaster was sticking up for the way Henry VI was ruling England which in turn was the beginning of the War of the Roses. May 22, 1455 was the day that marked the start of the War of the Roses. The fighting and battles in the war did not start for a couple of months after the House of York revolted and decided to take the House of Lancaster to war over the throne of England. With the start of this civil war both houses fought behind their leaders to make sure the throne of England belonged to the right house by the end of the War of the Roses. The start of the War of the Roses happened slower than how most wars in history because they did not start fighting until about two months after The House of York declared war on the Lancastrians. Once the fighting and battles started the amount on English noblemen in both the Lancastrians and Yorkist Houses begun to drop which was devastating. This was a very devastating time for both houses because they were losing their noblemen that were ruling and leading the troops. The length of the war of the roses played a huge factor in this considering that it lasted al most half a century which gave each house many opportunities to kill off the opposing noblemen in turn would weaken the other houses armies. The first battle in the War of the Roses started in 1455 and it was the first Battle of St. Albans. The first Battle of St. Albans was fought twenty-two miles away from London and was Richard, Duke of Yorks, first battle against the House of Lancaster. In this battle Henry VI was captured for the first time and was made the Constable of England (History.com page 2). The House of Lancasters army was the first to enter the town of St. Albans with their two thousand troops. The Lancastrian troops were set up in all the major entrance of the city ready to defend the city for the Yorkist troops. The Yorkist forces set up camp with their three thousand soldiers east of St. Albans in the city of Keyfield. For the several hours in the beginning of the battle both houses tried to negotiate terms in order for the fighting not to happen. Although negotiations were happening Richard, Duke of York, tired from waiting for the fighting to start said, I am not made of stone and with that they began to fight. With this sudden strike from the Yorkist troops the Lancastrian forces were caught off guard and were defeated in the first Battle of St. Albans. With the Yorkist troops quick offensive attack in the first battle of St. Albans it gave them the victory in the battle (Britannica.com page 1). Although the forces from the House of Lancaster were caught off guard by the attack the House of York still lost a very large amount of troops in this first battle. The Yorkist troops although losing one of their major Yorkist leaders had another upside to the win over the Lancastrian troops; they captured Henry VI and took control over the throne of England giving them an advantage for the rest of the war. The next major battle in the War of the Roses was the Battle of Wakefield. This battle being the next major battle in the War of the Roses did not take place until five years after the first Battle of St. Albans. The Battle of Wakefield took place at the Sandal Castle on December 21, 1460. The Yorkist troops were not well prepared for this battle because the Lancastrians forces were the ones to attack quickly this time in the battle which caused remaining Yorkist troops to flee from the Sandal Castle. The Battle of Wakefield was not a lengthy battle at all because of how swiftly the House of Lancasters troops attacked. The battle lasted from December 21 through December 31 which was the day the Yorkist troops fled Sandal Castle. This battle took the lives of about two thousand Yorkist troops but on the other side the House of Lancaster only lost about seven hundred troops (J.R. Lander page 69). The Yorkist troops were completely over powered in this battle with the amount of causalities that each of the houses ended up losing. The greatest casualty in the Battle of Wakefield was the death of Richard, Duke of York, but his death did not ensure the victory at Wakefield it just help the House of Lancaster a great amount which was the last push the gave them this overwhelming victory. With the House of Lancaster completely demolishing the House of York in the Battle of Wakefield they easily won the battle. In this win the Lancastrian troops managed to kill Richard, Duke of York, along with most of the Yorkist troops. With this victory the House of Lancaster made their charge to in taking over the English government once again. The Second battle of St. Albans was the third major battle in the War of the Roses. This battle did not take long to begin after the Battle of Wakefield, because this battle started on February 21, 1461 only one year after. The battle took place in the same location as the First Battle of St. Albans except this time the Yorkist troops were lead into battle by Earl of Warwick since Richard, Duke of York, died in the last battle. The Second Battle of St. Albans only lasted for about a month and ended on March 2, 1461. The Lancastrian and Yorkist troops both suffered a large amount of casualties in this battle with the Lancastrians losing two thousand troops and the Yorkist losing four thousand troops. With each side losing close to the same amount of troops this battle was one of the bloodiest battles in the War of the Roses. Even with both sides being on the same level in this battle the deciding factor that helped the House of York overcome the Lancastrians was when they recaptured the mentally ill Henry VI and some of his other noblemen. With Henry VI recaptured and the Yorkist forces fighting well in the Second Battle of St. Albans the House of York came out with the victory in the battle. The battle was very close and well fought by both house but with the Lancastrian forces losing Henry VI who was King of England and leader of their troops helped give the Yorkist troops the slight advantage they needed to beat the Lancastrian army. With Henry VI being in the hands of the House of York this allowed Earl of Warwick to be put on the throne of England thus becoming the new king of England. Earl of Warwick with his new place on the throne helped the House of York take full control over England. The second to last major battle in the War of the Roses was the Battle of Towton. The Battle of Towton started on March 29, 1461 shortly after the Battle of Warwick. This battle took place in the village of Towton which was part of the city of Yorkshire. At the time in the city of Yorkshire there was a snow storm that caused many problems for most of the troops from both the Yorkist and Lancastrian forces. The Battle of Towton lasted for about of month but in that month over 28,000 troops from both the House of York and House of Lancaster were killed (Robin Neillands page 223). With the largest amount of troops dead in the Battle of Towton it is said to be the, Bloodiest Battle to ever take place on English soil. The battle was very gruesome and gory with Lancastrian soldiers having to retreat from the opposing troops in bloody meadows flinging off their armor in order to try and escape faster so they can save their lives (J.P. Sommerville page 2). The Battle of Towton is the bloodiest battle in the War of the Roses and even though the vast majority of the troops were killed the House of York won the battle. With the victory at the Battle of Wakefield before this battle it gave the Yorkist troops the confidence needed to pull through and win the battle. The Yorkist troops were now in complete control of England and all of its government with this victory at Towton giving the House of York the edge still over the House of Lancaster in the War of the Roses. This victory also wiped out all of the Lancastrian forces that were in northern England which was something that would aid the House of York if the Yorkist army were to win the war (Web.cn.edu page 1). The last and deciding battle in the War of the Roses was the Battle of Stoke Field. The Battle of Stoke Field started on June 16, 1487 which was twenty-six years after the previous major battle in the War of the Roses. This battle would be the last time both houses would fight each other for the throne of England. This battle being the last stand for both the Yorkist and Lancastrian force had a no quarter policy which meant that there will be no one left standing and that this battle would be a fight to the bitter end. With the battle being a fight to the end both sides lost a grand total of seven thousand soldiers with the Yorkist losing 4,000 soldiers and the Lancastrians losing 3,000 soldiers (Historyextra.com page 1). Even with the slim amount of troops lost between the two sides the Lancastrians with the help of Henry of Tudor would come out with the victory over the House of York and also getting the most important win which was the complete victory in the War of the Roses. The Battle of Stoke Field had a major impact on the War of the Roses because it was the deciding victory that gave the House of Lancaster complete control over all of England and the English government. The leader of the Lancastrian forces Henry of Tudor became Henry VII the new king of England and he married Elizabeth of York which united the House of Lancaster and the House of York. With the new united houses there was nothing to t keep fighting over because the house were united and collaborating together to lead England the right way. Although the houses were united people who used to be part of the House of York still tried to revolt against the new English government but none of their attempts to overtake the throne were successful. These small militias were soon dismembered by the English government so now more revolts could happen. The War of the Roses had no great impact on the country of England. The battles caused some destruction on cities throughout England no major cities were destroyed. Most of the land that was destroyed was very little and did not affect the people of the city the land was destroyed in. The War of the Roses was not a very destructive war it only killed off most of the English nobility which left the government in England a little weak and in need of some noblemen. The impact the War of the Roses had on the throne of England was tremendous in that the whole time during the war the throne had someone different one it throughout the entirety of the war. The English throne had many rulers during the war which left the country very unstable throughout the War of the Roses until Henry of Tudor took the throne. With Henry of Tudor now on the throne the country of England could get back to its original state. In conclusion the War of the Roses was a war that had a very strong effect on England and its future as a country. The war set the path for the start of the English reformation which would change how the world would view England. If it was not for the War of the Roses the England would still be the same as it was before the war and all the art, music and other things that came out of the English Reformation would never have existed.

The Situation In Ireland :: European Europe History

The Situation In Ireland "But who are we that we should hesitate to die for Ireland. Are not the claims of Ireland greater on us than any personal ones? Is it fear that deters us from such an enterprise? Away with such fears. Cowards die many times, the brave only die once." Padraic Pearse (rebellion leader), 1916 (The New Republic, 34) Pearse's words, spoken just before the Easter rebellion, summarizes many Irish feelings toward rebellion for independence. In order to gain freedom from the British, revolutionaries were willing to sacrifice anything, even their lives. For centuries, the Irish had been part of the vast British empire and for most of that time, they struggled to obtain their sovereignty. Numerous events sparked this discontent in Ireland in the early 20th century. At the top of their list of grievances was the political treatment of the Irish. The Irish parliament was highly inadequate and inefficient with no real power to represent the people (The Outlook, pg 116). Additionally, Britain governed Ireland in the same manner that it governed all of its territories; it ruled according to what would best serve Great Britain, not the territory. For example, Ireland's commerce was discouraged and their manufacturing was paralyzed by British legislation (The Outlook, pg 116). Religious treatment of Roman Cat holics also angered the Irish. A large number of Irish were (and still are) Catholic and were repressed in many ways by English legislature. They were expected to pay taxes to support the Established Church of England, which gave Catholics no services. Furthermore, Britain forbade Catholics from providing education for their own children. Catholics could not be teachers and parents could not send their children abroad for education without forfeiture of their property and citizenship (The Outlook, pg 117). Although these actions by the British government infuriated the Irish, the new wave of rebellion actually began again in 1914 with the British government's repeal of the recently enacted Home Rule Bill, which gave the Irish some measure of political autonomy. These feelings came to a peak on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916 in the Irish capital of Dublin when approximately 1500 men, led by Pearse, seized the post office and other strategic points. These men were members of the Citizen Army, an illegal force of Dublin citizens organized by labor leader Jim Larkin and socialist James Connolly. From here, they established themselves in military fashion by erecting barricades of sandbags and closing off the streets with barbed wire.

Most and Least Important Factors in the Outbreak of Ww1

Which was the most important and least important factor in the outbreak of the First World War? In my opinion, the most important cause of the First World War was the Alliance System. By 1914, the main powers in Europe had been divided into two groups. These were: The Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and The Triple Entente – Britain, France and Russia. Although the point of creating these alliances was to avoid war, they meant that any conflict that broke out would increase in scale immediately because the other countries had to support them. The main rivalries were Germany and France over the capture of Alsace-Lorraine, Russia and Austria over the Balkans, and Britain and Germany over their navies and economic power. The Alliance System created a lot of competition between the rival countries, and possibly even the allies themselves, because, naturally, they all wanted to be the most powerful and influential in their group. This just increased the tension between everyone and strengthened each side for the inevitable war. On the other hand, I think the least important cause of the war was the Arms Race. The growing divide in Europe (caused by the Alliance System) had led to an arms race between the main countries. The French and German armies had more than doubled their forces, and all nations were making plans for war. The German Count Alfred von Schlieffen had come up with the Schlieffen Plan, which was to fight France and defeat them within six weeks, and then to turn back and defeat Russia. Unfortunately for them, they relied too much on hoping Russia would take more than six weeks to mobilise, which didn’t happen. Also, as the Germans went through Belgium to get into France, Belgium had a treaty with Britain which meant Britain automatically got involved. Austria was intimidated by Russia and needed Germany to succeed in defeating France, so they could then help them in fighting Russia. Russia had potentially millions of soldiers. This made them very powerful because they could overwhelm the opposition with sheer numbers, although they would have needed Britain’s industrial help because they were badly-equipped. France had a large, well equipped army. They had a plan called Plan 17. This was to charge across the frontiers and deep into Germany, forcing them to surrender. Britain was closely but secretly in collaboration with the French. They set up the BEF (British Expeditionary Force), which was 150,000 highly trained soldiers that could go and support France at any time. Although the Arms Race seems to have developed the preparations for war from each country, I don’t think that it actually caused any more problems between the countries. At this point, war was seen as inevitable and all the nations could do was prepare for what was to come as best as they could.

Free Essays on Team Company

Introduction Cisco Systems, Inc. is the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. Cisco's Internet Protocol-based (IP) networking solutions are the foundation of the Internet and most corporate, education, and government networks around the world. Cisco is famous for its routers and switches that link networks and power the Internet. It also makes network access servers and management software. Although the company is very young, it has achieved an enormous growth in the last decade. The computer networking industry is an extremely fast paced business. Technology is constantly evolving, forcing companies to come up with more innovative products. The customers are well informed about the market and very demanding. They can easily switch from Cisco to one of the numerous competitors. The competition is very tough with more companies moving into the networking industry. However, the rewards are far greater than risks: in 1998, Cisco had net income of more than $1 billion and was growing at 3 1% rate. The success of the company was due to the groundbreaking research and development, exceptional marketing and excellent staffing. Identified Relevance of Innovation Perhaps the most important strength Cisco has is the Globally Networked Business. This is a mixture of programs that permits the company to converse online with their stakeholders. At any time, employees, partners, customers, and suppliers are able to retrieve online information. In 1997, the company was able to avoid spending $250 million due to the Globally Networked Business application. This strength could be the basis of an ongoing competitive advantage if the company could develop a way to construct the process for current and prospective clients. The Globally Networked Business has the capability of giving Cisco a sustainable competitive advantage in the industry. To stay on top, Cisco must constantly develop and improve its products and services. The major ... Free Essays on Team Company Free Essays on Team Company Introduction Cisco Systems, Inc. is the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. Cisco's Internet Protocol-based (IP) networking solutions are the foundation of the Internet and most corporate, education, and government networks around the world. Cisco is famous for its routers and switches that link networks and power the Internet. It also makes network access servers and management software. Although the company is very young, it has achieved an enormous growth in the last decade. The computer networking industry is an extremely fast paced business. Technology is constantly evolving, forcing companies to come up with more innovative products. The customers are well informed about the market and very demanding. They can easily switch from Cisco to one of the numerous competitors. The competition is very tough with more companies moving into the networking industry. However, the rewards are far greater than risks: in 1998, Cisco had net income of more than $1 billion and was growing at 3 1% rate. The success of the company was due to the groundbreaking research and development, exceptional marketing and excellent staffing. Identified Relevance of Innovation Perhaps the most important strength Cisco has is the Globally Networked Business. This is a mixture of programs that permits the company to converse online with their stakeholders. At any time, employees, partners, customers, and suppliers are able to retrieve online information. In 1997, the company was able to avoid spending $250 million due to the Globally Networked Business application. This strength could be the basis of an ongoing competitive advantage if the company could develop a way to construct the process for current and prospective clients. The Globally Networked Business has the capability of giving Cisco a sustainable competitive advantage in the industry. To stay on top, Cisco must constantly develop and improve its products and services. The major ...

Phosphate-Buffered Saline or PBS Solution

Phosphate-Buffered Saline or PBS Solution PBS or phosphate-buffered saline is a buffer solution that is particularly valuable because it mimic the ion concentration, osmolarity, and pH of human body fluids. In other words, its isotonic to human solutions, so its less likely to cause cell damage, toxicity,  or unwanted precipitation in biological, medical, or biochemical research. PBS Chemical Composition There are several recipes to prepare PBS solution. The essential solution contains water, sodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium chloride. Some preparations contain potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. EDTA may also be added in cellular preparation to prevent clumping. Phosphate-buffered saline is not ideal for use in solutions that contain divalent cations (Fe2, Zn2) because precipitation may  occur. However, some PBS solutions do contain calcium or magnesium. Also, keep in mind phosphate may inhibit enzymatic reactions. Be particularly aware of this potential disadvantage when working with DNA. While PBS is excellent for physiological science, be aware the phosphate in a PBS-buffered sample may precipitate if the sample is mixed with ethanol. A typical chemical composition of 1X PBS has a final concentration of  10 mM PO43−, 137 mM NaCl, and 2.7 mM KCl. Heres the final concentration of reagents in the solution: Salt Concentration (mmol/L) Concentration (g/L) NaCl 137 8.0 KCl 2.7 0.2 Na2HPO4 10 1.42 KH2PO4 1.8 0.24 Protocol  for Making Phosphate-Buffered Saline Depending on your purpose, you may prepare 1X, 5X, or 10X PBS. Many people simply purchase PBS buffer tablets, dissolve them in distilled water, and adjust the pH as needed with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. However, its easy to make the solution from scratch. Here are recipes for 1X and 10X phosphate-buffered saline: Reagent Amountto add (1) Final concentration (1) Amount to add (10) Final concentration (10) NaCl 8 g 137 mM 80 g 1.37 M KCl 0.2 g 2.7 mM 2 g 27 mM Na2HPO4 1.44 g 10 mM 14.4 g 100 mM KH2PO4 0.24 g 1.8 mM 2.4 g 18 mM Optional: CaCl22H2O 0.133 g 1 mM 1.33 g 10 mM MgCl26H2O 0.10 g 0.5 mM 1.0 g 5 mM Dissolve the reagent salts in 800 ml distilled water.Adjust the pH to the desired level with hydrochloric acid. Usually this is 7.4 or 7.2. Use a pH meter to measure the pH, not pH paper or other imprecise technique.Add distilled water to achieve a final volume of 1 liter. Sterilization and Storage of PBS Solution Sterilization isnt necessary for some applications, but if your are sterilizing it, dispense the solution into aliquots and autoclave for 20 minutes at 15 psi (1.05 kg/cm2) or use filter sterilization. Phosphate-buffered saline may be stored at room temperature. It may also be refrigerated, but 5X and 10X solution may precipitate when cooled. If you must chill a concentrated solution, first store it at room temperature until you are certain the salts have completely dissolved. If precipitation does occur, warming the temperature will bring them back into solution. Shelf life of refrigerated solution is 1 month. Diluting a 10X Solution to Make 1X PBS 10X is a concentrated or stock solution, which may be diluted to make a 1X or normal solution. A 5X solution must be diluted 5 times to make a normal dilution, while a 10X solution must be diluted 10 times. To prepare a 1 liter working solution of 1X PBS from a 10X PBS solution, add 100 ml of the 10X solution to 900 ml of water. This only changes the concentration of the solution, not the gram or molar amount of the reagents. The pH should be unaffected.   PBS Versus DPBS Another popular buffer solution is Dulbeccos phosphate buffered saline or DPBS. DPBS, like PBS, is used for biological research and buffers in the 7.2 to 7.6 pH range. It can be stored at room temperature. Dulbeccos solution contains a lower concentration of phosphate. It is 8.1 mM mM phosphate ions, while regular PBS is 10 mM phosphate.  The recipe for 1x DPBS is: Reagent Amount to add (1x) NaCl 8.007 g KCl 0.201 g Na2HPO4 1.150 g KH2PO4 0.200 g Optional: CaCl22H2O 0.133 g MgCl26H2O 0.102 g Dissolve the salts in 800 mL of water. Adjust pH to 7.2 to 76 using hydrochloric acid. Adjust the final volume to 1000 mL with water. Autoclave at 121 °C for 20 minutes. Sources Dulbecco, R.; et al. (1954). Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses. J. Exp. Med. 99 (2): 167–182.Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols (2006). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Communicating the Truth about Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communicating the Truth about Smoking - Essay Example To this end, a pile of body bags are used to represent a number of people who die daily in the United States. In addition to that, the A.L.F, have used dolls with writings on them that educate people about the dangers of smoking. Furthermore, they have created printed advertisements educating teens about smoking. The second step pertains to the medium of transmission. In effect, the ALF has used several medium of transmission to convey their message. This evident in the visual medium that depicts the advertisement of body bags representing a number of deaths. It was a part of innovative television campaign. Moreover, the ALF used written channels through printed advertisements for sensitizing the teens on smoking. In addition to that, they used audio channel by sponsoring a radio show by the name truth-fm. The third step involved the decoding process. To this end, the receiver translates the message to make sense. This step of communication occurred when the teens understood the adverts. Moreover, the high school girl, Katie confessed that smoking appeared to be reserved for adults and was forbidden among teens. The last step of the communication process was related to feedback. Evidently, it is the response from the receiver to the sender. Consequently, it occurred in the process of teaching teens about smoking. Evidently, the A.L.F Chief Executive Officer testified that after one year of the campaign, 75 percent of the teens were in a capacity to accurately describe at least one of the adverts. Moreover, 90 percent of the teens said the adverts were convincing. Therefore, through this feedback it was evident that the teens responded well to the campaign against smoking. against smoking. 2. Show how ALF is using oral, written, electronic, and nonverbal communication The ALF has used several media to convey their message. This was through oral, written, non-verbal communication and electronics. Foremost, they have used television and radio as a form of electronics media. This was whereby they sponsored a hip-hop radio show known as truth- fm. Moreover, electronic media were evident in the production of television commercials that showed dozens of crawling baby dolls with a message on their shirts. In addition to that, ALF reached teens through the internet website that attracts over 8000 people daily. As non-verbal media, the ALF used body bags to show the number of daily deaths that occurred in the United States. Moreover, written media were evident when ALF printed adverts for publications meant for teens. In addition to that, they used oral communication by conducting grassroots activities whereby the youths orally convinced peer youths about the d angers of smoking. Furthermore, they organized concerts which were attended by millions of people. 3. In your opinion, why is ALF successful when other organizations sending the same basic message are not? Is there anything ALF could do to increase its effectiveness? The ALF has been successful because of how they innovatively packaged their message in a manner that the teens could associate with it. Moreover, the teens felt like the truth campaign was in sync with their emotional feelings. Evidently, they saw it as a reason to rebel against authority as a way to assert their independence. However, it is

History and Development of W Retreat & Spa Case Study

History and Development of W Retreat & Spa - Case Study Example He was responsible for looking after the music affairs of the resort. In 2011, the resort appointed Marcus Reinders as the Managing Director of the resort, Mauro Gomez as the Chef Executive, Jennà © Lombardo as the Fashion Director of the resort and Joseph Boroski as the Director of Cocktail Culture. The resort was voted as the best by Lonely Planet Magazine in 2012. Nikolaj Retpen replaced Mauro Gomez as the Chef Executive and DJ Truck was appointed as the resident DJ of the resort (Etihad Holidays, 2012).   W Retreat & Spa – the Maldives, cast away in the blue waters of the Indian Ocean, lies dexterously in the immaculate beauty of Fesdu Island. With a perfect weather, as well as a never-ending sunshine, the spa is an ideal water sports playground and retreat (Flyer Talk, 2009). Below the surface of the hotel lie clear waters where residents can observe sea turtles as well as the starfish poses, whereby they can take pictures. From Malà ©, the capital city of the Maldives, people must fly in a seaplane in order to reach the small Fesdu Island. The luxurious resort is a small but jawdroppingly picturesque 25-minute seaplane journey from the town of Malà ©. Unlike many island spas, the travelers are lucky there are no such things as bridges because, apart from the guests and staff of the spa, this part of Indian Ocean is uninhabited. However, people should make no mistake as taking a trip to this tropical heaven is far from roughing it. The hotel’s bi-level beachfront rooms roost on soft sand. The rooms also have a constant supply of warm water taken straight from the Indian Ocean. It also includes smart amenities such as sundecks, private plunge pools along with outdoor rainforest showers. All these were made possible by the fact that the hotel is surrounded by an ocean (Asia Web Direct, 2013).

The role of education within society especially in regard to the Essay

The role of education within society especially in regard to the interests of pupils and the social life - Essay Example The ability of children to respond to the challenges of school environment has been found to be differentiated in accordance with the conditions of the particular environment, as depended on the rules of education applied in the specific area, the support provided by teachers but also the personal perceptions and mode of behaviour, as being influenced by the family. Current paper focuses on the examination of the relationship between education and the interests of pupils; the potential relationship between education and social life is also reviewed, at the level that education is a critical part of each social framework. It is revealed that education can have a different role in different social conditions, meaning the social ethics and culture. Moreover, education is likely to be affected by the structure and the rules of each educational site, a fact that indicates the potential autonomy of educational institutes as of their priorities and principles. Also, it is verified that the interests of pupils are likely to be differently promoted in each school not only because of the existence of different social rules and ethics but also because of other factors, such as the infrastructure of each school (Heywood 2000), the perceptions of teachers (Chandra and Sharma), the local culture (Leclercq 2003) and the trends in local community (Nasr 1994), which may intervene more or less in the development of rules and principles of education.... In fact, education has been proved as being able to influence not just the life of individuals but also the life of the society. From this point of view, particular emphasis has been given on the identification of the criteria under which education can affect the life of humans but also the characteristics of societies within specific political conditions. Of particular importance seems to be the use of education as a means for achieving personal targets, meaning the development of specific skills and competencies but also the acquisition of valuable knowledge. In accordance with Noddings (2011) the first elements of the philosophy of education can be identified in the views of Plato. It is explained that Plato aimed to answer the following question, which is critical for the philosophy of education: ‘who should be educated and how’ (Noddings 2011, p.14). The analysis of Plato on education is based on the following principle:’ the human talents are analyzed along with the society’s needs so that to identify the role of education within a particular society’ (Noddings 2011, p.14). The above view on education is characterized as rather Utopian, taking into consideration the continuous changes on social needs and beliefs. On the other hand, John Dewey set more realistic criteria for deciding the structure and the priorities of education within modern societies. In accordance with the above theorist the actual role of education in the development of social and private life can be identified through the following method: the study of ‘the consequences of our choices’ (Noddings 2011, p.14). At the next level, Bailey (2010) noted that the potential effects of education on social life and on pupils

Project Management Recommendation Essay Example for Free

Project Management Recommendation Essay Dear Mr. Gritsch: In continuation of your email dated February 10, 2014, I have completed analysis of three projects: Juniper, Palomino and Stargazer. The risk levels in Juniper, Palomino, and Stargazer are low, medium, and high respectively. It is in the best interest of Piper Industries Corporation to move forward with the Stargazer project. Stargazer is selected due to its feasibility and risk level. From market feasibility study, some strategic customers have already indicated interest in the product. Therefore, I would recommend that the board invest in the project, Stargazer; particularly because the company has already invested $450,000 and the ROI is very high. My feasibility study focused on Return on Investment (ROI), length of project, risk level and overall benefit to Piper Industries. See below for the results. Juniper: Return on Investment (ROI): 77% or $250,000 for a period of 2 to 3 years Length of project: Uncertain Risk of completion on time: Low Overall benefit: Enhancement of current product, increased product demand Palomino: Return on Investment (ROI): 69% or $450,000 for a period of 5 years Length of project: 7 Years Risk of completion on time: Medium Overall benefit: New product, use of existing technology, custom part, constant demand Stargazer: Return on Investment (ROI): 278% or $1,600,000 for a period of 3 years Length of project: 7 Years Risk of completion on time: High Overall benefit: Research Development of a new product, market leader, project in-progress Five Phases of a Project: A project can have any number of phases depending on how you break it down. A project for land reclamation in dump site would probably have three phases such as: 1. Facility Decommissioning Phase 2. Waste removal phase 3. Landscaping Phase. While a project involving the building of a new factory may contain four phases such as: 1. Environmental Impact Assessment Phase 2. Design Phase 3. Construction Phase 4. Commissioning Phase. It is therefore assumed that what is been referred to here as five phases of a project is what is known in project management as process groups. The following phases / process groups will be used to complete the project: 1. Project conception and initiation The conception of the project is that the project is a new line widget product including enhancements through the use of existing technology. The initiation of this project will be upon the approval of the project by the CEO. 2. Project definition and planning Stage two of the project is making a project plan. The project plan will be completed by the project team with the consultation of the technicians and experts. The project plan will be in writing and will be well defined. 3. Project launch or execution The project plans and task will be discussed amongst all team members and the task will be divided among the project team. 4. Project performance and control The project manager will be the leader of the project. His or her task will be to monitor performance and control. All project team members are responsible in evaluating each other and helping the team to perform better together. 5. Project close The project will be closed only upon completion of the project, evaluation of the project, and client approval of the project. Key deliverables associated with the selected project: If after the Estimated Budget at Completion of $575,000 is spent and the  product is developed as specified in the project plan, then the project would have met the substantial product deliverable. Secondly, if the Piper Industries Corporation is able to deliver the product within 12 months, the company would have met the project schedule deliverable.

Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) Instrumentation

Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) Instrumentation THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS (TMA) Aisyah Radhiah Binti Ahmad INSTRUMENTATION OF TMA 1.1 The Instrumentation Figure 1: The simple schematic diagram of TMA [1]. The sample tube that is located in the center of the furnace is used to control the temperature and atmosphere. The sample temperature is measured with a thermocouple that is located near the sample. The area around the sample can usually be both heated and cooled to prevent the heat-rise problem and the sample temperature (sensed by a thermocouple) has to be directed to programmer control. The sample platform and the probe are made from a material such as quartz. Quartz is chosen as it has a low, reproducible, accurately known coefficient of thermal expansion and also it has low thermal conductivity to isolate the LVDT from the temperature changes in the furnace. The probes can also be made from alumina and metals depending on the temperature range and the measurement purpose [2]. The heavy black probe measures the position of the sample surface with a linearly variable differential transformer, LVDT. The floating suspension act as a balance for the arm arrangement, combined with added weights at the top, allowing the probe weight to be counterbalanced that can be used to control the force on the sample [3]. A purge gas is used during the TMA measurements. Its purpose is to ensure continuous laminar gas flow to prevent the formation of air turbulence as the temperature is being increased and to prevent deposition of degradation products inside the various parts of the instrument. The purge gas is also used to increase heat transfer to the sample and to prevent oxidation in high temperature measurements. Helium is chosen for this purpose because of it has a high thermal conductivity [4]. Figure 2: The TMA Instrument [5]. 1.2 Operating the TMA The instrument is warmed up before putting the sample. The sample is prepared by according to the modes used. For example, the sample should be flat for compression modes to make sure the sample is in a good contact with the probe. The sample is put into the furnace and the probe touched the sample. The probe is integrated into an inductive position sensor. For temperature measurement of the sample, the thermocouple is placed near the sample. The system is heated at a slow rate. If the specimen expands or contracts, the probe will be moved. By applying the force on the sample from the Force Generator by the probe, the sample temperature is changed in the furnace. The sample deformation such as Thermal Expansion and Softening with changing temperature is measured as the probe displacement by the Length Detector. Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is used for Length Detection sensor. The measurement consists then of a record of force and length versus temperature [6]. 1.3 Calibration of the instrument The calibration of the instrument needs to be done before using the TMA. A standard calibration is needed and should be done at the same heating rate as is used in the sample experiment. The calibration sample that is used should be in the thickness range span of the sample. The TMA instrument must be calibrated in height force, eigen-deformation, temperature, and expansion. The calibration of the instrument need to be done to reduce the different between measures values of the parameters with their true values [4]. 1.4 Modes of operation The measurement can be carried out in various modes of sample configuration. Figure 3: TMA probe types (left-right): compression, penetration, tension, volumetric [7]. Compression probe is used for applying low load for a wide area of sample for thermal expansion measurements (thermodilatometry). For the penetration probe, it is used for the sample that applies a high load under a small area of sample for the purpose of measuring softening temperatures. This technique can measure the transitions of a material as thin as 10 microns. Tension probe used for the measurement of the thermal expansion and the thermal shrinkage of the sample for measuring non-self supporting specimens. It is used for the samples like thin films and fibres under tension [7]. Volumetric probe used for measuring the thermal volumetric expansion of irregularly shaped sample surrounded by an inert packing material (alumina powder or silicone oil). The glass dilatometers are used in this technique where the change in the level of a liquid is observed. By dipping the sample in the silicone oil or alumina powder, the expansion of the sample is recorded as a vertical movement by the TMA. The probe for this technique usually has a small surface area to cover the sample [8]. Figure 4: volumetric probe [8]. References Menard, K. P. (2008). Dynamic mechanical analysis: a practical introduction. CRC press. Menczel, J. D., Prime, R. B. (2009). Thermal analysis of polymers, fundamentals and applications. John Wiley Sons. Brown, M. E., Gallagher, P. K. (1998). Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry: Principles and Practice (Vol. 1). Elsevier. Wunderlich, B. (2005). Basics of thermal analysis. Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials. 1.Introduction to Thermomechanical Analysis. Available from: http://www.anasys.co.uk/library/tma1.htm. 2.Brown, M.E. and P.K. Gallagher, Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry: Principles and Practice. Vol. 1. 1998: Elsevier. 3.Wunderlich, B., Basics of thermal analysis. Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials, 2005. 4.Menczel, J.D. and R.B. Prime, Thermal analysis of polymers, fundamentals and applications. 2009: John Wiley Sons. 5.TMA analyzer / thermomechanical. Available from: http://www.directindustry.com/prod/linseis-thermal-analysis/tma-analyzers-thermomechanical-30771-406852.html. 6.Description of TMA. Available from: http://www.hitachi-hitec-science.com/en/products/thermal/tec_descriptions/tma.html. 7.Haines, P.J., Principles of thermal analysis and calorimetry. Vol. 30. 2002: Royal society of chemistry. 8.Menard, K.P., Dynamic mechanical analysis: a practical introduction. 2008: CRC press. References Introduction to Thermomechanical Analysis. from http://www.anasys.co.uk/library/tma1.htm Brown, Michael E, Gallagher, Patrick K. (1998). Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry: Principles and Practice (Vol. 1): Elsevier. Wunderlich, Bernhard. (2005). Basics of thermal analysis. Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials. Menczel, Joseph D, Prime, R Bruce. (2009). Thermal analysis of polymers, fundamentals and applications: John Wiley Sons. TMA analyzer / thermomechanical. from http://www.directindustry.com/prod/linseis-thermal-analysis/tma-analyzers-thermomechanical-30771-406852.html Description of TMA. from http://www.hitachi-hitec-science.com/en/products/thermal/tec_descriptions/tma.html Haines, Peter J. (2002). Principles of thermal analysis and calorimetry (Vol. 30): Royal society of chemistry. Menard, Kevin P. (2008). Dynamic mechanical analysis: a practical introduction: CRC press.